作者 ｜
黃囇莉(淡江大學通識與核心課程組)
摘要 ｜
本文主要目的在揭露與論述心理學領域中之性別意識與性別面貌。無論是美國或台灣的資料都顯示，心理學的學習者或專業人員的人數都是以女性居多數；近年來，女性的比例更是迅速上升，但這樣的性別比例並未使心理學變得更「女性化」。心理學的各種專業領域之間仍有明顯的性別區隔現象；從權力結構來看，男性仍居於金字塔頂端，教科書的寫作與圖片呈現也都有明顯的性別偏頗，女性的能見度依然偏低。文中論述心理學知識本身的性別面貌時，係以歷史發展為主軸，逐步呈現說明主流心理學向以「實證科學」自居，因而也充分顯示其男性中心思維與男性化性格。七十年代之後，女性心理學者反撲，反覆檢證過去有關性別差異的各項研究，多所斬獲，不但發現後天的社會化歷程是性別差異的主要緣由，同時，也提出女性自己的視見與發出自己的聲音。近年來，生物決定論(先天論)在主流心理學中老調新唱，以演化心理學現身，且有越演越烈之勢；另一方面，女性心理學也進而脫胎為女性主義心理學，主張社會建構論，更企圖在方法論層次上翻轉心理學中的知識與權力，因而使得心理學的內部張力越來越緊繃。最後論及，近年來在歐美心理學界，性別意識已經進入主流心理學，教科書的書寫與論文的發表開始有較明顯的性別意識；在台灣，卻仍多在邊緣發聲。不過，處於雙重弱勢的台灣女性主義心理學者，因與本土文化及草根結盟，而展現出特殊的風貌。
關鍵字 ｜
性別意識、女性主義心理學、演化心理學、教科書檢視
Title ｜
Shifting between Biological Determinism and Social Constructionism: Gender Consciousness in Psychology
Author ｜
Huang, Li-Li(Division of General Education, TamKang University)
Abstract ｜
This article discloses and discusses gender consciousness and its characteristics in the discipline of Psychology. Both in the United States and Taiwan, women constitute a majority of those learning psychology or holding positions as professionals in psychology. However, this difference in gender proportions has not facilitated a feminization of psychology. If this phenomenon is analyzed from the perspective of power structure, there is no denying that men still occupy the top positions in the discipline. For instance, gender bias is visible both in the content and the pictures in psychology textbooks. Women and women’s issues still have low visibility. Epistemologically and historically, mainstream psychology has maintained a standpoint of logical positivism reflecting male-centeredness and masculinity. Female psychologists criticize this position and have examined relevant past research on gender differences from the 1970s on. They suggest that gender differences result from the process of socialization and encourage women to produce their own voices. Currently, the argument of biological determination has re-emerged through the popularization of the new field of evolutionary psychology. In opposition to this development, women psychology has shifted to feminist psychology and adopted the standpoint of social constructionism, which attempts to transform knowledge and power issues in the psychological methodology. This challenge has resulted in tension within the field. Recently, gender consciousness has entered into mainstream discourse in Western psychology, with textbooks’ contents and research gradually becoming more sensitive to gender consciousness. However, gender consciousness is still marginal in Taiwan. Feminist psychologists in Taiwan existing under conditions of double disadvantage, and so have developed unique characteristics by allying themselves with indigenous psychology and grass-root groups.
Keywords ｜
gender consciousness, Feminist Psychology, evolutionary psychology, textbook